Relationships Archives | Brighton and Hove Psychotherapy

October 1, 2018 by Brighton & Hove Psychotherapy Leave a Comment

Group Psychotherapy: The Octopus and The Group – what do they have in common?

On my way into work the other day I happened to be listening to the radio when a program called “Inside Science” was playing. The theme for the program was “Alien Minds”. A man called Peter Godfery–Smith was talking about his book “Other Minds”. He described how we assume the existence of a central nervous system, like our own, a brain commanding the peripheral nervous system. He then went onto describe the Octopus, whose decision making processes, not sure this is the right word, are distributed throughout the body, the tentacles can act separately to the rest of the body. He describes the research that discovered this; the podcast is available for you to listen to on BBC podcasts.

Why did this stay with me? And why is it relevant to the group? When talking about groups we hear about a group mind, or the social unconscious (Hopper) using the symbol of something central acting on the individual, however, the description of the octopus would perhaps provide a better metaphor for group processes. As individuals we like to think we are free to act from an autonomous position, however when we begin to think about all the influences around us, some known, others we are not aware of, we realize life is more complex than we thought.

When you join a group or team you have access to many minds working together, it multiplies the opportunity for self-awareness, for sharing experiences, for helping others as well as being a help and understanding. Of course on the other side of this is what you are told might be difficult to hear, emotions connected to competition and rivalry, challenges long-held ideas, exposure to others who do not think as you do emerge. However, if we are to build the resilience we need to face these difficult emotions in order to reach our potential.

As the group develops, like the octopus, the group is held together through its biological connections that make it an integrated organism. In the group, a matrix of interactions forms from the histories each member brings to the group, which cross from generation to generation as part of transgenerational processes, the social context with its vast variety of influences, economic, political and familial.

As this plays out in the group each person has the opportunity of gaining insight and understanding into how they have been shaped by the many groups they have encountered throughout their lives and shared history. Relationships evolved, often unconsciously, to influence how we behave in the present, repeating patterns that may not be healthy and need adjustment to enhance our mental wellbeing.

Thea Beech is a Group Analyst, full member of the Institute of Group Analysis and a Training Group Analyst and works from our Hove practice. She is currently running an psychotherapy group which is accepting new members.

July 30, 2018 by Brighton & Hove Psychotherapy Leave a Comment

What is Sibling Rivalry? – Part 1

The importance and role of sibling rivalry

Siblings are the longest standing relationships in most of our lives. As we grow older they increasingly serve to keep a connection to our families of origin, reminding us of our parents and our younger selves. Most of us share genetic material and family histories with our siblings. They have a significant place in our origins and narratives and an important role in shaping us. We don’t choose our siblings in the way we do our friends and sexual partners but, in many ways, they are our closest peers.

Over two blogs I have focussed one area of sibling relationships, namely rivalry. In part 1, I will look at some aspects of sibling rivalry as they can surface in childhood. In part 2, I will think about how these might impact on ongoing struggles in adult life, before suggesting ways in which problematic issues with rivalry can be helped.

Sibling rivalry in childhood

Sibling rivalry is part of growing up. Children who have sibling/s share their parent’s love and attention, and feelings of rivalry are naturally going to arise. While squabbling and fighting can disturb the family atmosphere, it is important that we are aware these feelings and struggles are normal. These conflicts around competition are also ways in which young children prepare for managing later peer relationships.

However, feelings of rivalry can become particularly exacerbated for different reasons. For example, if there are unresolved difficulties in the parent’s relationship to competition and rivalry. Fighting between siblings that gets out of control or dominates the family can be often be traced back to some difficulty for one or both parents.

Other family dynamics may also play a part in complicating and exacerbating rivalry. Below are some examples where sibling rivalry might become heightened, and complex.

One example is when a parent is particularly enmeshed with one child. This means all other relationships, including other children, are pushed outside of this unhealthy coupling. This can create huge difficulties for everyone in the family and can heighten and complicate rivalrous feelings between the siblings.
A large age gapmight mitigate rivalry in some ways but not in others. It may be particularly hard for the older sibling to allow or express jealousy or rivalrous feelings towards a much younger sister or brother. This younger sibling may be getting a kind of affection that the older brother or sister has had to relinquish but still misses.
The much younger sibling can feel the older one is closer to the parent/s as they’ve perhaps reached an age where they are being treated on more equal terms. This can also become bound up with the difference in capabilities due to age-difference. So, rivalry can feel linked with feelings of inadequacy.
Children who are born close in age may have had to share their mother’s/main care-giver’s attention and care as babies. Feelings of competition and rivalry may be experienced on a primal level – originating very early in life – and this could make them particularly hard to articulate.
Children who have siblings with a disability or illnessmay feel ashamed and guilty for having negative feelings towards the sibling/s. This dynamic gets further compounded by the extra attention the sick or disabled sibling may well get from parents and others.
Harder still to express, manage, or even feel, is the rivalry and jealousy that might be felt towards a sibling who has died. In the psychotherapy field there is particular concern about children who may have been conceived to ‘replace’ a child who has died, and the very particular – often unconscious – pressures they come under.
Relationships and rivalry between half and step siblings can sometimes be less intense if, for example, they do not live with each other. There will likely be a parent the child can claim as their own who is not shared biologically and emotionally. However, these half/step sibling relationships can also feel complex and painful, as they are often bound up with parents’ separation and families splitting into ‘new’ and ‘old’.
One of the more unconscious ways families often manage rivalry is by assigning different roles and attributes amongst siblings. For example, the ‘clever’, ‘sporty’, ‘artistic’ ‘musical’ one; or ‘quiet’, ‘sociable’, ‘troubled’ etc. These might work to mitigate rivalry some of the time, in some families, and for some individuals. However, they can also stir up further complex feelings of rivalry, imbuing them with restrictive self-expectations and feelings of inadequacy.

Do only children have it easier?

Based on the accounts above we could think that the only child is the most fortunate. Certainly, ‘only’ children do not usually have to compete with early peer relationships for their parents’ love and attention and therefore avoid some of these more painful and destructive experiences of sibling rivalry. However, those who have grown up as only children often report a pervasive feeling of loneliness and isolation. Being the sole focus of parents’ love (and often therefore need) can feel very burdensome as a child and an adult. It is also no coincidence that only children often describe particularly acute difficulties starting nursery or school where they suddenly encounter the rough and tumble of peer relationships and rivalry.

The jostling and competing for space and attention that siblings engage with, prepares them for later experiences. However, it is important that children are also able to develop feelings of concern and companionship towards their siblings. In this way the intense and more hateful feelings of rivalry can be moderated and managed. While feelings of sibling rivalry never fully go away they need to be resolved enough to establish healthy relationships with peers in adulthood.

In part 2, I will the potential impact of unresolved sibling rivalry in adulthood and look at ways of helping.

Claire Barnes is an experienced UKCP registered psychotherapist and group analyst offering psychodynamic counselling and psychotherapy to individuals and groups at our Hove practice.

April 23, 2018 by Brighton & Hove Psychotherapy Leave a Comment

Is Psychotherapy about Questions or Answers?

People often arrive in therapy looking for answers to life’s difficulties. This might seem like a reasonable proposition. However, it pre-supposes that there might be such a thing as a simple answer to any of the thorny challenges life presents, and, indeed, that the therapist is an “expert” on life, uniquely qualified in their provision. Solutions are at best only ever partial and must always remain subject to review. I believe that it is often more useful to attend to the nature and quality of our questions. A good question is generous and generative and often far more useful than a tidy answer, alluring as the latter might seem.

The Art of Listening

Remaining curious and open to the humanity of another which lies behind their words is an art to be cultivated through listening. Learning to listen is more than simply being quiet while another person speaks, waiting your turn to say your piece. Listening at its best is a willingness to be vulnerable, to be open to surprise, to relinquish assumption and to enter the realm of ambiguity.

Arguments so often have a quality of familiarity about them, in civic as well as personal life. Culturally, as is so prevalent in current political discourse, conversations polarise around notions of right and wrong and winning and losing. When we enter debate from the perspective of competing certainties, I believe that the conversations it is possible to have become immediately impoverished.

Modern Living

We may experience this dynamic of polarity most often in our intimate relationships. The pressures of work, of raising children, and of paying the bills, among other issues, often render us less than perfectly attentive versions of ourselves. The quality of our conversations with our loved ones often deteriorates under such duress. Managing and prioritising (triage style) the demands of modern life may leave intimate connection forced to the bottom of the pile. When we find ourselves enraged about whose turn it is to do the washing up or encounter one of the myriad incendiary touch points that can inflame separated parents, we know that we are between a rock and a hard place. We are (in part) caught in an inevitable existential bind, tethered between freedom and responsibility, yours and mine. We must find ways to catch ourselves and the conversation before it degrades into one of accusation and blame. If that happens, everyone is at once diminished and relegated to positions of victim-hood.

Opinion Versus Experience

While we may disagree with the opinion of another, we cannot disagree with their experience. When we get closer to understanding the experience of another, we enter a more relational dynamic. In this dynamic, we can be more open to complexity and more tolerant of difference. The quality of our listening changes. We become more generous, less defended and ultimately more compassionate.

Difference of opinion is something to celebrate and defend. After all, it is an expression of our human rights of free will and free speech. When we shut down, deny or disqualify the opinions of others, we enter dangerous totalitarian territory.

Back at the Kitchen Sink

When we find ourselves (as we all do) entrenched in our competing stories of reality, played out amid a greasy cast of pots and pans, perhaps this is a moment for a different kind of question. “What else might be going on for me/you right now?” “What am I /you not expressing/ hearing?” “What is the story we tell and believe about ourselves/ each other in this moment?” Generative questions are more likely to evoke answers in their image and serve to demonstrate our interest, curiosity and respect for each other.

Gerry Gilmartin is an accredited, registered and experienced psychotherapeutic counsellor who is available at our Hove practice.

How body stability creates psychic stability

There is No Such Thing as a Baby

I frequently blog about the importance about including the body in the process of psychotherapy and how the unconscious resides in the body. However, unlike many ‘body psychotherapists,’ I believe that the involvement of the body is more profound than identifying the presence of the body in the process. Let me explain using one of Donald Winnicott’s most famous quotes, “There is no such thing as a baby.”

Winnicott famously made this statement in 1947. On face value, it may seem somewhat absurd. After all, we have all seen babies and know they exist. However, the reality is far more complicated, because every baby that any one of us has ever seen is only visible because it is in a relationship with its primary carer (which for simplicity, I shall refer to as its mother).

A baby cannot exist alone but is essentially part of a relationship. Babies exist in an absolute state of dependence, such that the infant (the word is taken from the Latin – ‘infans’ – not able to speak) has no knowledge of maternal care, as this would require the knowledge of ‘an other’ providing the care. The baby therefore is essentially indivisible from its mother and thus cannot exist in its own right. The infant’s experience relies on the mother’s ability to merge with, and adapt to, her baby. Therefore, whenever we see a baby, we actually see a baby, its mother, the relationship between the two and also the wider social context within which that baby lives and has come to be.

There is No Such Thing as a Body

The same principle can be applied to a body. There is no such thing as a body in its own right. A body is created, shaped, moulded and exists within the relationship that the mother of the owner of the body has had with it. In other words, the body and how it is experienced by the person in the body is contingent on the relationship that the baby has with the mother and the wider environment. This then dictates the relationship that the owner of said body, has with him or herself (if any.)

Why Does the Body Matter?

Psychotherapy is about many things, but one of the primary tenets is that it is a relationship within which the client/patient can, through relating to the therapist, establish a relationship with themselves. Having a relationship with ourselves includes having a relationship with our body. However, I believe that too many psychotherapists assume that such a relationship is necessarily experienced as helpful by the client at the outset of therapy, or even possible.

The Body as an Enemy

If we come to inhabit, or embody, our bodies through the relationship with our mothers and the wider social context, and our mothers were abusive to us, then the experience of our body can be one of ambivalence (‘I don’t really care about my body”) through to experiencing the body as dangerous, attacking or not our own.

Examples of where internalised abuse/hatred is expressed towards the body include cutting and burning the skin through to anorexia and bulimia, to name a few.

Risk of Trauma

Assuming a pre-existing, or even conceptually possible positive relationship between a client and their body on the part of the psychotherapist is naive. At worst, it risks re-traumatising the client.

If, for the client, all that is bad resides in their body, then they need to slowly find a way to ‘meet’ their body in a different context and to tentatively form a different relationship with their body – to reclaim it from the ‘bad’ parent. The therapeutic process involves creating a different relationship with ourselves, one in which we are able to leave the echoes of past formative relationships behind. At the very least, we need to learn to think about ourselves as players in those stories in a different way. In the same way, we need to learn to relate to our body as our own and as our friend, guide and an integral part of us.

Mark Vahrmeyer is a UKCP-registered psychotherapist working in private practice in Hove and Lewes, East Sussex. He is trained in relational psychotherapy and uses an integrative approach of psychodynamic, attachment and body psychotherapy to facilitate change with clients.

Further reading

Body psychotherapy

What is attachment and why does it matter?

March 26, 2018 by Brighton & Hove Psychotherapy Leave a Comment

Couples Therapy In Practice

Couples can often get into familiar and fixed patterns of relating which can be deeply unsatisfying to both parties. This style of relating is one which can eventually seriously threaten the health and longevity of a relationship. In this brief blog, I open a window onto a session which explores a particular dynamic which I frequently encounter in couples work.

Take the following anonymised example:

A domestic crisis had arisen. The wife responded in her typical style : hurried, worried and outwardly emotional.

The husband responded in his typical style: slow and detached.

The wife read his response as insensitive and abandoning.

The husband read her response as over-the-top and reactive.

The outcome was that he withdrew from the situation, while his wife became more distressed and demanding. This was an unsatisfactory outcome for both.

Swapping Roles

I asked if they would be willing to replay the event exactly as it happened. Then I suggested that they swap roles and again replay the event.

This is what we discovered together. The wife would typically become highly reactive as a way of getting her husband’s attention, of which she was uncertain. The outcome was exactly opposite to that which she wanted. Her husband would withdraw and she would again experience feeling abandoned by him.

The husband would typically become unreactive as a way of protecting himself from his wife’s emotional expression, which he feared. The outcome was exactly opposite to that which he wanted. His wife became more emotional resulting in him feeling overwhelmed and needing to withdraw.

I chose this intervention as a way for each of them to experience the trigger point which propelled them into their typical ways of relating to each other when under stress. In other words they both got to not only see, but to feel the ‘game’ which they typically re-played together.

Therapy and Real Life

Research shows us that what is experienced in the therapy space can become real in our outside lives, (Gersie, A., 1995). My experience of working in this active way with clients is that can bring powerful and surprising insights. These insights into our typical ways of behaving, facilitated by a skilled therapist, can lead couples to experimenting with healthier and therefore more mutually satisfying ways of being in relationship.

If you would like to explore how couples therapy can help your relationship, please contact us.

Magdalena Whitehouse is an experienced HCPC Registered Drama Therapist, working with individuals, couples and groups.