David Keighley Blogs - Brighton and Hove Psychotherapy

April 28, 2025 by BHP Leave a Comment

Do we need to do homework during psychotherapy?

For many people the word ‘homework’ stirs up rather negative memories of being forced to stay in when the sun was shining, or toiling over the complexities of maths equations rather than enjoying computer gaming or other hobbies.

But in psychotherapy, engaging in relevant tasks connected with mental wellbeing during the week between sessions can be hugely beneficial in consolidating and enhancing the changes involved in the therapeutic process.

One example of this is practising mindfulness. Time spent in reducing bodily tension and the down regulation of mental processes can yield important new insights and reduce levels of anxiety. It takes only a few minutes of session time to learn simple meditation techniques and they can be practised at home on a daily basis.

A second approach is through journaling. But how can writing help us to relax and lessen mental tension and worries?

Neuroscientist and psychotherapist Louis Cozolino, whose book “Why Therapy Works: Using Our Minds to Change Our Brains” (1), brilliantly explains in accessible terms the key elements of psychotherapy, outlines the important role of narrative and writing in improving our mental health.

A key point here is that all of us develop – as a result of our upbringing and life experiences good and bad – an endlessly shifting internal narrative and dialogue about who we are, our strengths and weaknesses and things that have gone right and wrong in our lives. This translates into the daily barrage of thoughts that enter our brains, and can become a key component in neurosis, a kind of internal echo chamber that intensifies our distress.

Cozolino states (2) :

“Putting feelings into words has long served a positive function for many individuals suffering from stress or trauma. Writing about your experiences supports top-down modulation of emotion and bodily responses … Therapists hope to teach their clients that not only can they edit their present story, they can also be authors of new stories. With the aid of self-reflection, we help our clients to become aware of narrative arcs of their life story and then help them understand that alternative story lines are possible. As the writing and editing proceed, new narrative arcs emerge with the possibility of experimenting with more adaptive ways of thinking, feeling and acting.”

In this context, journaling – broadly writing down what has happened to us and why – can be pivotal in both understanding the events in our lives and the possibilities for change. My recommendation to clients in this domain is to buy a simple hardback A4 sized ruled notebook and then to experiment. There are no hard and fast rules other than making the time to make entries on a loosely regular basis.

The benefits cannot be precisely quantified, but in my experience, they include (as well as those already pointed out by Cozolino):

The availability of a vent for the expression of pent-up primary negative emotions: fear, anger, disgust and sadness, as well as – more positively – joy.
Gradually gaining deeper insight into our internal experiences.
Identifying patterns in thoughts, behaviours and emotions, as well as bringing into focus the triggers that contribute to distress, such as bullying or being subjected to another’s anger.
Facilitating mood tracking and the safe processing of difficult experiences.
Our minds generate endlessly changing thoughts; journaling allows us to check progress over time, noting changes in thoughts, feelings and behaviours.
The writing process can continue the work done in the therapy room and allow clients to rehearse and practise the new approaches that are discussed.

Another key point is that journaling can also become relaxing – a way of unwinding – and even fun. The process of articulating and crystallising our thoughts can be challenging but it also brings its rewards. Our internal thoughts are hard to keep track of, but this is an outlet which can also become like a close friend, a place to unload and unwind.

I have personally written a journal for more than thirty years and began doing so when I first experienced therapy following a panic attack at work (in my then job in the media). It was among my then therapist’s first recommendation to me as his client. With the benefit of hindsight, it was a major turning point in my life that enabled me to build both greater self-esteem and a better sense of competence and agency – essentials in the creation of a secure base, the subject of another blog by me available on this site.

David Keighley is a BACP Accredited counsellor/psychotherapist offering short and long term therapy to individuals and couples using a variety of techniques such as EMDR, CBT and Schema Therapy. He is also a trained clinical supervisor. He is available at our Brighton & Hove Practice.

The dynamic maturation model: a new way of understanding how to cope with mental distress and create happier relationships

Psychotherapy was revolutionised in the second half of the last century by the development of attachment theory, the science of human bonding and needs. I wrote about this in my BHP blog ‘Why we need a secure base’. It describes how infants who do not have their primary needs met – for comfort, warmth and love – as they grow up often face emotional discomfort and turmoil when they become adults.

Those in a stable, loving and caring framework as children can enjoy life and deal with its many challenges with equanimity and resilience. The development of attachment science was a huge leap forward in the understanding of human psychology.

Over the past thirty years, Dr Pat Crittenden, a US child psychologist, has added a new and very important dimension to this core framework. It is called the dynamic maturation model (DMM). It shows how our behaviour in adult life is shaped through adaptive responses to early experiences. If the care we are given is deficient by being avoidant of emotions, or conversely, is based on exaggerated emotional responses, then in adult life we have difficulty in coping with perceived danger and stress.

Understanding the DMM can play an important role in creating self-awareness, personal growth, and emotional wellbeing. It is a fruitful way of explaining how we can best process information, manage our emotions and form relationships.

The DMM divides our survival strategies into three broad categories:

Type B: balanced/secure. Those who have experienced ‘good enough’ parenting – thus establishing a secure base – are able to integrate emotional and cognitive information in a balanced way. They experience the full array of emotions but can self-regulate and offer empathy to others. As a result, they form stable, caring relationships, and respond flexibly to stress.
Type A (avoidant/cognitively biased): As a result of their upbringing, these individuals learn to inhibit the expression of their emotions and place a disproportionate weight on logic to manage their environment. This strategy usually develops in response to caregivers who discourage emotional expression, leading to self-reliance and emotional suppression. They often come across as cold and unfeeling, even though their coping strategy is based on vulnerability.
Type C (preoccupied/emotionally exaggerated): These individuals are dominated by their emotions and persistently exaggerate their sense of fear, anger, sadness or disgust (the four primary emotions) to gain attention and reassurance. This makes them appear volatile, difficult to deal with, and unboundaried. Their strategy develops through childhood experiences where caregivers were inconsistent or unpredictable, triggering heightened emotional responses.

By identifying our own dominant strategy, we can begin to understand why we react to stress, relationships and challenges in particular ways.

Understanding relationships through the DMM

The attachment strategies outlined above play a crucial role in how we form and maintain relationships. The DMM explains why some individuals struggle with intimacy, trust, or conflict resolution:

Avoidant individuals (type A) may struggle with vulnerability and prefer independence over deep emotional connection.
Individuals who are preoccupied and express exaggerated emotional responses (type C) experience anxiety in relationships, fearing abandonment or rejection. This is because the volatility generated by a frequent resort to anger causes heightened friction.
Balanced individuals (type B) are more likely to navigate relationships with confidence and adaptability.

By understanding these patterns, individuals can make conscious choices to improve their interpersonal interactions, foster healthier relationships, and address attachment-related insecurities.

The DMM and personal growth

An empowering aspect of the DMM is that it views attachment strategies as dynamic and plastic rather than fixed. Unlike traditional attachment models, which often label people as permanently secure or insecure, the DMM acknowledges that strategies evolve based on life experiences and the exercise of personal agency. This means that personal growth is always possible. For example:

Individuals who recognise their avoidant tendencies (type A) can work on embracing emotions and allowing themselves to be vulnerable. Those with preoccupied/emotionally exaggerated strategies (type B) can practice balancing emotions with logical thinking, reducing emotional tension. Anyone can develop greater flexibility in responding to stress, thereby improving their emotional resilience.

Therapeutic approaches based on the DMM can help individuals adapt their strategies to become more balanced and effective in navigating relationships and challenges.

The DMM in everyday life

Understanding one’s attachment strategy through the DMM has practical benefits in daily life. It can improve:

Communication: Recognising one’s own biases in processing information leads to clearer and more effective communication.
Emotional regulation: Developing awareness of how emotions influence behaviour facilitates better self-control and stress management.
Decision-making: By balancing emotional and logical processing, individuals can make more rational and informed decisions.
Conflict resolution: Recognising attachment-driven reactions in conflicts helps people respond rather than react, leading to healthier outcomes.

Overall, the DMM is a powerful tool for generating self-understanding and personal development. By explaining how attachment strategies shape behaviour, emotional processing, and relationships, it provides a framework for individuals to recognise their behavioural patterns and make conscious changes. Unlike traditional attachment theory, the DMM offers a growth-oriented perspective, emphasising that attachment behaviours are adaptive and can evolve over time. By applying the insights of the DMM, individuals can
develop healthier relationships, regulate emotions more effectively, and navigate life with greater resilience and self-awareness.

Further reading: The DMM is described in more detail on Dr Crittenden’s main website The Family Relations Institute

Further reading by David Keighley –

The empty chair in therapy

How therapy can help with anger issues

Do you have unrelenting standards?

Why we need a ‘secure base’

April 15, 2024 by BHP Leave a Comment

The empty chair in therapy

Can talking to an empty chair help ease our mental distress and help make us more positive and confident?

It may seem a strange idea, but evidence has been accumulating for more than ninety years that it can. The techniques involved, initially called ‘psychodrama’, originated in 1930s New York. They were refined in the 1950s by a pioneering psychoanalyst called Fritz Perls – the father of Gestalt therapy – and now form an important part of the ‘toolbox’ used in a range of therapies.

Chair work involves the use of physical or imaginary chairs to facilitate dialogue between different aspects of the self, or to explore conflicting emotions, thoughts, or perspectives.

Such work is at the heart of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and schema therapy, which I have practised for almost a decade. It is designed to allow you to push away or reduce the impact of criticisms and deficiencies of care you have received from others from your childhood onwards, and to stop your own inner critic – usually rooted in shame – from hobbling your self-confidence and self-esteem.

The core premise of the technique is that talking in the present, in the safety of the therapy room and under the guidance of the therapist, to those who caused us problems in the past, helps to take the ‘sting’ out of negative memories stuck in the fight-flight area of our brains and to feel that we are back in control. Put another way, this is a route towards being able to regulate our negative emotions such as fear and anger more effectively.

Equally, talking to voices coming from within – for example our self-critical mode, or our ‘vulnerable child’ mode, both of which can be very debilitating if we have had insufficient care during our childhoods – can help us to boost our sense of agency and ability to self- soothe and self-validate.

What are the practicalities of chair work? To explain, I have created the example of John, an imaginary client now in his early thirties with problems typical of those which frequently surface in the therapy room.

As John grew up a key element was that his father – who was irascible and a big drinker – was very hard on him about doing homework and frequently yelled at him that he must do better. He regarded anything less than a grade A as failure – and failure led to consequences, from being grounded to pocket money being withheld and sometimes, beatings. Young John found such treatment very difficult to cope with because his
understanding of the world and his powers of reasoning were not fully developed. The father who was supposed to love him was a vengeful aggressor. It was cruel and frightening and his young self felt like there was no way of escape or answering back.

The impact went much deeper. John was traumatised by some of the more extreme punishments. He also came to believe that the pressure from his father was his fault because he simply wasn’t good enough. He was ashamed of himself and felt continually vulnerable because he was convinced that whatever he did was sub-standard.

When he started work, receiving criticism of any kind made him feel very insecure and often triggered him to defensive anger against his perceived attackers. At other times, he avoided exposing himself to the possibility of the type of behaviour his father had so often displayed by being insular. John was very bright but progress in his career was hampered by his very deep-seated negative beliefs about himself and the world – all rooted in his father’s mistreatment.

To help tackle these problems, I first went through with John the history of his relationship with his father and explained how such punitive and demanding behaviour undermined his self-esteem and of having a secure base in his life. Then came the chair work. The goal was to bring into the room the possibility of re-engineering what happened to him as a child, this time with him – rather than his father – calling the shots.

I asked John first to imagine how in his grown-up life, what he would want to say to someone who was treating a child like his father treated him. John was quick to say that he would tell him that such bullying was not acceptable and unfair to a child.

I then brought an empty chair at right angles to us both in the space between us. I asked John if he minded imagining his father as he was in his childhood sitting in the empty chair.

He was reluctant at first on the ground that it felt scary, even now. I reassured him that the difference between then and the present was that he was alone back then, and that I, as his therapist, was there to help and protect him.

I then asked John – as his grown-up, healthy self in the safety of the therapy room – what he would like to say to his father. His first reaction, exactly as when he was a child, was fear and reluctance. I reassured him again that he was safe, and eventually – at first slowly, but gradually gathering pace – he told his dad that he loved him but felt that what he had done to him regarding homework was very unfair, frightening and cruel. Gathering in confidence, he told him that it should never have happened and that he was still struggling with the consequences, that he had never felt good enough.

Much more happened on John’s therapy journey, but the chair work encounter with his father was a turning point in creating a new awareness of what had happened to him and in realising he had a choice in how he could control the distress he had so often felt. He had developed his own voice – and agency – in dealing with his father.

Reference works for further reading:

Cognitive Behavioural Chairwork, Matthew Pugh, Routledge, 2020.

Contextual Schema Therapy, Eckhard Roediger, Bruce Stevens and Robert Brockman,
Context Press, 2018.

Further reading by David Keighley

How therapy can help with anger issues

Do you have unrelenting standards?

Why we need a ‘secure base’

November 20, 2023 by BHP Leave a Comment

How therapy can help with anger issues

Anger. We all experience it, most of us fear it in others – and also in ourselves because the process of being angry is uncomfortable and exhausting.

But why do we get angry and how can psychotherapy help us deal with it more effectively?

Sam Jahara has covered anger management in in other BHP blogs. This article looks in more depth at why anger can become out of control and a source of mental distress and outlines key areas of understanding why anger is triggered.

Anger originates in the limbic system. This is the most primitive part of the brain which evolved to keep us safe. It does so by the flight/flight/freeze response to danger. When a threat is detected, powerful hormones such as adrenalin are manufactured in milliseconds by key organs in the body and these enable us to react swiftly and powerfully to counter the threat.

Our self-protective reactions are triggered through our primary emotions- fear to anticipate threat; anger to react to a perceived danger, and disgust if our brains detect there is something ‘off’ or ‘bad’ in food or in the atmosphere, or in how we are being treated.

Our limbic system can react awesomely fast and astonishingly powerfully. It can do so because, as well as having access to hormone production, it has its own memory system which from the moment we are born (and even in the womb) keeps a discrete and unconscious record of every danger we have ever faced. That memory system is different from our procedural memories (rooted in other parts of the brain) and is accessible only by our limbic system.

But there is a downside to this. On the one hand, we have very powerful and rapid protective systems which, as described, operate in the blink of an eye almost automatically. The problem is that, because the response to danger is so fat and almost automatic, the limbic circuits can overreact.

In practical terms in the anger domain, this means we get disproportionately irritated and angry if the slightest flicker of a threat is detected – and often, because we are reacting to past problems rather than what is happening in the present.

Therapy can help with this in the following ways:

Identifying anger-related patterns of behaviour (schemas): As we grow up, we develop patterns of behaviour which we think will keep us safe, but which can be maladaptive. There are 18 core patterns, an example of which are abandonment and mistrust/abuse. If someone leaves us or we badly treated (either physically or mentally) we can become ultra-vigilant about detecting signs of someone leaving or harming us, triggering powerful anger. Further details about our schemas are available here.

Early life-experiences: During sessions, the therapist explores the client’s early life experiences to understand how key patterns of behaviour such as failure, abandonment, emotional deprivation or defectiveness and shame evolved. This often involves going back to past traumas through practical exercises which enable us to reduce the level of perceived threat.

Changing coping strategies: Anger is a way of keeping us safe because it deters would-be aggressors. It is triggered within us because we feel vulnerable – but it can also be a learned behaviour that is rooted in past problems rather than the present, and against people who were problems long ago rather than now. The therapist works with the client to uncover the maladaptive reactions and replace them with healthier alternatives.

Learning to regulate core emotions: Anger, fear and disgust are essential protective responses to danger and perceived threat. But our limbic system can become over-vigilant and over-sensitive. A main goal of therapy is to show how clients can work to control emotions more effectively – though this is never completely possible, because the survival mechanism is so powerful Techniques include mindfulness and relaxation exercises.

Meeting emotional needs: As I have outlined in other blogs, we all need a secure base and the feeling that our core needs as a human being are met. Therapy aims to show the importance of this, thereby also illustrating that anger is not needed as a coping mechanism.

Comforting our vulnerable child: When a child feels threatened, its anger is not regulated by having a fully-functioning pre-frontal cortex, it is out of control – what is termed a tantrum. Adult anger as a response to danger, by contrast, is short, sharp and quickly over. The therapist works on providing ways of reassuring the vulnerable child in the client that such over-reaction is not needed and can be regulated.

Taken together, these different strands of treatment and exploration gradually strengthen the healthy adult in all of us the realise that coping with danger does not require anger. We can instead negotiate in much gentler ways to have our needs met and to feel safe. The benefits can be a greater sense of peace and calm and the ability to enjoy life without constant tension and feelings of exhaustion.

For more information about Anger Management see the following links:
https://www.brightonandhovepsychotherapy.com/types-of-issues/anger-management/
https://www.brightonandhovepsychotherapy.com/blog/anger-management-often-mismanaged/
https://www.brightonandhovepsychotherapy.com/blog/why-theres-nothing-as-infuriating-as-anger-management/

Further reading by David Keighley –

Do you have unrelenting standards?

Why we need a ‘secure base’

September 11, 2023 by BHP Leave a Comment

Do you have unrelenting standards?

Put another way, is getting anything less than 100% not acceptable to you, and a trigger for uncomfortable feelings of failure, of not being good enough, of self-criticism, self-doubt and shame?

In my experience as a psychotherapist, a personal drive for perfection is often the root cause of distress in many of those seeking therapy. It can be a hard issue to resolve. After all, why would we not try our best?

An illustration of how much pressure unrelenting standards (US) can generate is a client I saw who, for ‘relaxation’ – as she saw it – became a triathlete. Nothing wrong with that, of course, but for this thirty-something woman, who for this blog I will call Caroline, her hobby required a series of log books and electronic aids to record every jog, every swim and every bike ride with painstaking notes about her heart rate, timings and much more (1).

It emerged in therapy that Caroline took any sign that her performance was not improving as a trigger of dismay. Was it because she was getting old? That she was physically too weak? Or that she was simply not good enough? She spoke about her ‘hobby’ almost as if it was a military exercise. The physical benefits were clearly being offset by that the effort involved was itself yet another source of worry. Worry about worry!

So how do unrelenting standards develop as a pattern of behaviour that can have maladaptive and counter-productive overtones? In a previous blog, I wrote about basic human needs, and pointed out that, according to US psychology researcher Caroline Dweck (2), in order to feel safe we need to come to feel that we exist within a secure base. How is this generated? Key elements are that we need to grow up feeling that the world is reasonably predictable, that we are accepted and loved (by those around us) and that we are sufficiently competent.

If that happens and we believe we are indeed broadly secure, the Dweck paper also says that we come to believe we can trust other people, we feel that we have a reasonable degree of agency and control over what happens to us in the world, and we develop a healthy and balanced sense of self-esteem.

Against that background, how do unrelenting standards develop? The current theory is that if we feel we have been abandoned in any way during our lives (for example by bereavement or as a result of divorce), and/or if we have been badly mistreated or abused, and/or if we come to believe we are basically defective, feelings that we are fundamentally unsafe develop. Our secure base is seriously compromised.

Those feelings are triggered in a part of the brain called the limbic system, which exists to monitor danger and to provide the tools for dealing with perceived threats. It is an extremely powerful and fast-acting structural network and if was not, we would soon be dead. Our fight-flight-freeze responses – all there to protect us – originate in the limbic system and they are activated by the five basic emotions: fear (through which we become aware of danger); anger (with which we can deal explosively and rapidly with threats); disgust (which, when triggered, prevents us ingesting poisons); sadness (loss of a loved one is perceived as a threat because we evolved as pack animals); and joy – the one positive emotion, which is an expression of the pleasure and sense of safety we feel when connected with the world and others.

The upshot of this is that if we feel we are in danger, the limbic system goes into overdrive.

We cannot relax. Any signal, however small, of abandonment, or abuse, or of defectiveness has to be countered by effort and that involves making sure that every aspect of what we do is ‘safe’.

How can this be treated? A vital step is to obtain an understanding of the root causes. In Caroline’s case, it gradually emerged that a significant factor was that her father – though otherwise very loving – never seemed satisfied with what she achieved. He regarded a ‘B’ grade in an exam as a failure and even an ‘A’ was not good enough unless she was also top of the class. Caroline often turned to her mum for reassurance, but instead, she sided with dad. The result was that Caroline first came to dread exams and then went into constant
overdrive to make sure she got the highest possible grades and left nothing to chance. She became locked in what felt like a desperate battle to prove she was not defective. A relentless drive towards perfection felt like the only way she could get love and affection from her parents.

Once Caroline became aware of the nature of the pressure involved, she could begin to see that as an adult, she could make her own choices about the amount of effort she wanted to expend on tasks, and could begin to experiment with dealing with day-to-day demands in a less stressful way, including that sometimes- and maybe even often – 70% is not failure.

Further information about unrelenting standards is contained in this You Tube video.

Resources –

(1) Details changed to ensure client cannot be identified.
(2) https://moodle2.units.it/pluginfile.php/358466/mod_resource/content/1/2017%20Dweck%20PR.pdf

February 13, 2023 by BHP Leave a Comment

Why we need a ‘secure base’

At the heart of the process of psychotherapy is trying to see more clearly what our basic needs as human beings are and how they can be met. Most clients seeking treatment are feeling uncomfortable because of difficulties in this domain.

The sense of discomfort is often compounded because, without help, it can be hard to unravel what our core needs actually are. There is no simple users’ manual telling us how our brains and emotions work. This article is an attempt to shed light in this important arena, based on recent pioneering research work.

Our understanding of this subject has undergone a major revolution since, Sigmund Freud – in the 1890s until his death in 1939 – led the way in creating a theoretical framework of the workings of our brain. He postulated that if libidinal needs – such as for food and sex – are not met, the result was neurosis, repression, unhappiness and anti-social behaviour.

In the 1940s, a British psychoanalyst originally trained in Freudian theory called John Bowlby developed a revolutionary alternative framework.

He came up with the idea that, above all, during our growing up period, we need what subsequently came to be called ‘a secure base’. He concluded that more important than Freud’s libidinal desires was the requirement to be looked after, to be connected with others, to be loved and accepted and to be made to feel safe.

Bowlby’s pioneering research was conducted during the Second World War among children orphaned during the Blitz. He believed they were distraught to the point of inconsolability and felt totally disconnected because they were missing their parents’ love and care.

A seminal piece of research which further supported Bowlby’s main ideas was conducted in 1958 using rhesus monkeys. It was found that a distressed monkey infant did not go first to a mother model dispensing food, but rather to one covered in fleecy material which felt warm and comforting (1).

Parallel research also showed that those who did not have a secure base became less likely to explore the world, less sociable and more prone to mental and physical problems.

In an ideal world, our individual needs are met during our childhood by our parents or principal care-givers. But of course, parents often can’t manage. In the vast majority of cases, that’s not because they want to upset or harm us, but rather because their own needs have not been met and their ability to be emotionally available has been compromised. They can struggle to be able to express the right level of ‘good enough’ care.

Bowlby’s ideas have been hugely refined and expanded since his first research papers were published during the Second World War. A distillation of latest thinking in relation to our core needs and the ‘secure base’ is contained in a paper published Stanford University psychologist Carol S. Dweck in 2017 (2).

She states: ‘. . . basic needs are present from very early in life and their criteria for inclusion include: irreducibility to other needs, universal high value from very early in life and importance for well-being and optimal development from very early in life’.

On the basis of her very wide research and reading, she postulates that three ‘basic needs’ – for predictability, acceptance and competence – are the primary components of the secure base:

competence acceptance predictability

To spell that out further, if we grow up feeling that the world is reasonably and broadly predictable – that we are looked after and loved, have food, that there is routine – then we feel fundamentally safe and secure; if we develop so that we believe we can do the tasks required of us, we feel able and equipped to deal with life’s challenges; and if it is communicated to us that we are accepted broadly for what we are in ourselves and in the family and in social settings, we feel comfortable in our interactions with the world and other people.

In turn, feeling ‘safe’ gives us the basis to be able to regulate our primary negative emotions – fear, anger, sadness and disgust – to a comfortable level.

Dweck further says that having such a ‘secure base’ generates further benefits.

We feel can control events in our lives as a result of experiencing at sufficient levels predictability and acceptance;
We develop self-esteem as a by-product of feeling that we are competent and broadly accepted for what we are;
We feel we can trust ourselves and others more easily if we have experienced predictability and the feeling that we are accepted.

Finally if all these pieces of the jigsaw are broadly in place, then we also develop a sense of self-coherence.

In future blogs, I will explain on the basis of latest research how emotional regulation can be achieved through the therapy process.

Resources –

(1) https://positivepsychology.com/harlow-experiment/

(2) https://moodle2.units.it/pluginfile.php/358466/mod_resource/content/1/2017%20Dweck%20PR.pdf

Do we need to do homework during psychotherapy?

The dynamic maturation model: a new way of understanding how to cope with mental distress and create happier relationships

The empty chair in therapy

How therapy can help with anger issues

Do you have unrelenting standards?

Why we need a ‘secure base’

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